This involves charging a different price to different
groups of people for the same good. For example: student discounts, off
peak fares cheaper than peak fares.
Different Types of Price Discrimination
1. First Degree Price Discrimination
This involves charging consumers the maximum price that they are willing to pay. There will be no consumer surplus.
2. Second Degree Price Discrimination
This involves charging different prices depending upon the quantity consumed.
E.g. after 10 minutes phone calls become cheaper.
3. Third Degree Price Discrimination
This involves charging different prices to different groups of people. E.g. students, OAPs and peak travellers e.t.c
Conditions Necessary for Price Discrimination
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The firm must operate in imperfect competition, it must be a price maker with a downwardly sloping demand curve.
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The firm must be able to separate markets and prevent resale. E.g. stopping an adults using a child’s ticket.
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Different consumer groups must have elasticities of demand. E.g. students with low income will be more price elastic.
To maximise profits a firm sets output and price where
MR=MC. If there are 2 sub markets with different elasticities of demand.
The firm will increase profits by setting different prices depending
upon the slope of the demand curve.
- Therefore for a group like adults, PED is inelastic – the price will be higher
- For groups like students prices will be lower because there demand is elastic
Profit Maximisation under Price Discrimination
Profit is maximised where MR=MC. Because demand is more
inelastic in market (A) it leads to a higher price being set. In market
(B) demand is price elastic, so profit maximising price is lower.
Advantages of Price Discrimination
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Firms will be able to increase revenue. This will enable some firms to stay in business who otherwise would have made a loss. For example price discrimination is important for train companies who offer different prices for peak and off peak.
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Increased revenues can be used for research and development which benefit consumers
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Some consumers will benefit from lower fares. E.G. old people benefit from lower train companies, old people are more likely to be poor.
Disadvantages of Price Discrimination
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Some consumers will end up paying higher prices. These higher prices are likely to be allocatively inefficient because P > MC.
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Decline in consumer surplus.
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Those who pay higher prices may not be the poorest. E.g. adults could be unemployed, OAPs well off.
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There may be administration costs in separating the markets.
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Profits from price discrimination could be used to finance predatory pricing.
Importance of Marginal Cost in Price Discrimination
In markets where the marginal cost of an extra passenger
is very low. E.G. a bus traveller the firm has an incentive to use
price discrimination to sell all the tickets. This is why sometimes
prices for airlines can be very low just before their date. Once the
company is due to fly the MC of an extra passenger will be very low.
Therefore this justifies selling the remaining tickets at a low price.
Examples of price discrimination
- Student discounts on trains
- Discounts for buying train tickets in advance
- Discounts for travelling at off peak time
- Lower unit cost price for buying high quantity.