Showing posts with label English Grammer. Show all posts
Showing posts with label English Grammer. Show all posts

Present Simple Tense

It is used to express an action in present time, habitual or usual actions or daily event or universal fact. It is used to express an action in present time which is usually done on a regular basis. For example a student says, “I go to school”. It is a daily activity of a student to go to school, so such actions are expressed by present simple tense. Another example is, “I work in a factory”. It tells about a usual action of a person that he works in a factory on regular basis.

Rules. 1st form of verb or base verb is used as main verb in sentence.

 

                         Structure of sentence – Rules


Positive Sentence
     • Subject + Main verb + Object
     • Subject + 1st form of verb (or base verb) + Object
Note: If the subject in a sentence is “he, she, it, singular or proper noun” then “s” or “es” is added to the first form of verb or base form in the sentence.
Examples.
         I write a letter.
         He gets up early in the morning.
         Sun rises in east.

Negative Sentences
   • Subject + auxiliary verb +NOT + Main verb +object
   • Subject + Do not/Does not + 1st form of verb (or base form) + object
Examples.
         I do not write a letter.
         He does not get up early in the morning.
         Sun does not rise in east.

Future simple tense


It is used to express an action which has not occurred yet and will occur after saying or in future. For example, “I will go to zoo tomorrow”, in this sentence the person intend for tomorrow’s visit to zoo. In short, these sentences express actions which will be done in future.

Rules. Auxiliary verb “will” is used in sentence. 1st form of verb or base form is used as main verb in sentence.

                                  Structure of sentence

Positive sentence
       • Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb (present participle) + object
       •Subject + will + (1st form of verb or base form +ing) + object

Examples
.
       I will buy a computer tomorrow.
       They will come here.

Negative sentence
      • Subject + auxiliary verb+ not + main verb (present participle) + object
      • Subject + will +not + (1st form of verb or base form +ing) + object
  
     To make negative sentence “not” is written after auxiliary verb in sentence.
Examples.
       I will not buy a computer tomorrow.
       They will not come here.

Past Simple Tense


It is used to express an action that happened or completed in past, usually a very little time before speaking, or action which is just completed. Time of action is not specified in terms of long time ago or short ago but it make a sense that the action has done a little time ago. For example, a person says, “I watched a movie”, it means the speaker of this sentence watched a movie a little time ago or little time ago in the same day.

Rules:2nd form of verb (past simple) is used as main verb in the positive sentences and base form is used in negative and interrogative sentences.

 

                                Structure of sentences 

Positive Sentence
      • Subject + main verb (past simple) + object
      • Subject + 2nd form of verb (past simple) + object

Examples

      I killed a snake
      He ate a mango.
Negative sentences
       • Subject + (auxiliary verb + not) main verb (base form) + object
       • Subject + did not + 1st form of verb or base form + object

In negative sentence “did not” is written and the 1st form of verb (base verb) is used instead of using 2nd form (or past simple verb).

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

DIRECT Bob said, 'I'm going to see my mother tomorrow.'
        
INDIRECT Bob said (that) he was going to see his mother the next day.
    
 
                Bob announced that ...     Bob declared that...   Bob added that...     Bob told me that...
              Bob said that...  Bob said to me that...   Bob told me that...

     PRONOUNS AND POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
       Bob said, 'I'm going to see my mother.'       =>        Bob said (that) he was going to see his mother.
      'You have bought yourself a lovely dress.'    =>   He told her (that) she had bought herself a lovely dress.

TIME, LOCATION
 'I'm going to see my mother tomorrow.'      =>    Bob said (that) he was going to see his mother the next day.
 Mark:  'I went to London last week.'    =>    He added (that) he had gone to London the week before.
 Sue:   'I must leave now!'    =>    She told me (that) she had to leave then.
 Peter: 'I don't like this house.'   =>    Peter said (that) he didn't like that house.   
 Peter: 'I can't live here.'   =>   Peter told us (that) he couldn't live there.
   DIRECT
           INDIRECT
         now    =>   then
       tonight=>  that night
      yesterday    =>  the day before / the previous day
      tomorrow    =>  the next day / the following day
 last (year, month...)  =>   the last / previous (year, month...)
 next (month, week...)  =>  the next / following (month, week...) 
  this     =>  that
  that     =>  that
  these   =>  these
  those   =>  those
  here    =>  there
  there   =>  there
 
                                                          TENSES
 Bob said, 'I'm going to see my mother.'        =>      Bob said (that) he was going to see his mother.
                                                                                      
                         DIRECT=>                     INDIRECT
future'I will always love you.'=>conditionalHe said he would always love me.
present simple.'He is ill.'=>past simpleShe said he was ill.
present continuous 'I'm leaving today.'=>past continuousHe said he was leaving that day.
present perfect 'You have bought a dress.'=>past perfectHe said she had bought a dress.
present perf. cont. 'I've been working all day.'=>past perf. cont.He said he had been working all day.
past simple 'I went to London.'=>past perfectHe said he had gone to London.
past continuous 'My friends were playing chess.'=>past perfect cont.He said his friends had been playing chess.
past perfect 'I had lost my bag'..  pas de changement
                    
MODALS
 can     => could      'She can cook delicious meals.'       He said she could cook delicious meals.
 may=> might  'It may not rain this night.'He said it might not rain that night.
 must=> had to  'I must leave now.'She said she had to leave then.

Structures of past tense passive forms

Structures of past tense passive forms
past simple passive I was told about it yesterday.
present perfect passive He's (he has) been fired from the company.
past perfect passive I'd (I had) been given the money by a friend.
past continuous passive The room was being decorated.

Past passive forms - common mistakes
Common mistakes Correct version Why?
This problem solved last week. This problem was solved last week. To make a past passive form we use was/were + past participle of the verb.
This problem was solve last week. This problem was solved last week.
My car was repairing at that time. My car was being repaired at that time. To make a past passive form of a continuous tense we use was/were + being + past participle of the verb.
She has already be invited. She has already been invited. To make a passive form of the perfect tense we use have/has/had + been + past participle of the verb.

Water Scarcity

Globally, the water problem is getting worse as cities and populations grow, and the needs for water increase in agriculture, industry and households
This fact file highlights the health consequences of water scarcity, its impact on daily life and how it could impede international development. In the reality we face scarcity of water which is nature's most essential element now becoming dangerously scarce. A freshwater crisis has already begun that threatens to leave much of the world dry in the next 20 years, without enough water for a minimum of life.







Global population has tripled in the past 70 years while water use has grown six fold due to industrial development, widespread irrigation, and lack of conservation. If, as expected, the number of people on earth increases by more than a third, to more than 8 billion, by 2025, 40 percent more water will be needed.
At the same time our resources are limited and the supply of freshwater is theoretically always the same, in reality it's diminishing. The natural course of rivers, streams, and lakes has been compromised by centuries of damming, diversion, sprawl, and industrial pollution.
Nearly 2.2 billion people in more than 62 countries, one-third of the world's population, are starved for water. The worst conditions are in places like Haiti, Gambia, and Cambodia, where residents subsist on an average of fewer than six liters per day. In some part of Southern India the situation is worse.
The photographs shown in this photo essay is taken from Belgaum, Karnataka, India. People from far comes with their container for collecting drinking water and every time there is a heavy competition for getting water at the water source.
How we respond to today's water crisis will determine whether we actually know how to survive or only know how to misuse a resource on which survival depends.
We all JPG family member stand by the common problem we face, for the scarcity of the essential commodity and think before use in our day to day life.

Past Perfect continuous tense


It is used to express a continued or ongoing action that started in past and continued until sometime in past. (Remember, an ongoing action in past which continued till some time in past) There will be a time reference, such as “since 1980, for three hours etc” from which the action had started. A sense of time reference is found in these sentences which shows that action had started in past and continued till some time in past.  Such time reference or sense of reference is the identity of Present perfect continuous tense because it tells that action has started from a particular time in past or for some time period. For example, “He had been studying in this school since 2005”, so the it means that he had started his education in this school in 2005 and he studied in this school till sometime in past.

Future Perfect Continuous tense

It is used to express a continued or ongoing action that will start in future and is thought to be continued till sometime in future. (Remember, an ongoing action in future which will continue till some time in future). There will be a time reference, such as “since 1980, for three hours” from which the action will start in future and will continue. A sense of time reference is found which gives an idea that action will start at some time in future and will continue for some time.  Such time reference or sense of time reference is the identity of Future perfect continuous tense because it tells that action will start at a particular time in future. For example, “He will have been studying in this school since 2005”, so the it means that he will start studying in this school in 2005 and will study in this school till sometime in future.

Note: If there is not time reference or sense of time reference then it is not future perfect continuous tense because there is no hint about the time of action when it will start in future and it seems just an ongoing action in future which resembles “future Continuous tense. So the reference of time differentiates between Future perfect continuous tense between future continuous tense.

Rules: An auxiliary verb “will have been” is used in sentence. 1st form of verb (base verb) +ing (present participle) is used as main verb in sentence. “Since” or “for” is used before the “time reference” in sentence. If the time reference is exactly known such as 1995, 4 O’clock then “since” is used before the time in sentence. If the time reference is not exactly known such as three hours, six years, four days, then “for” is used before the time in sentence. Time reference such as 3 hours or 5 days is not exactly known because we don’t know that about which three hours a day is told in sentence or about which 5 days in a month is told in sentence. While the 1995 is exactly know time.

                                 Structure of sentence.

Positive Sentence.
• Subject + Auxiliary verb + main verb (Present participle) + Object + Time reference
•Subject + will have been + (1st form of verb or base verb + ing) + object + time reference

Examples
.
         I will have been waiting for him for one hour.
         She will have been playing football since 2015.

Negative Sentence.
• Subject +”Not” inside Auxiliary verbs + main verb (present participle) + Object +    Time reference
• Subject + will not have been + (1st form of verb or base verb + ing) + object +    Time reference
To make negative sentence, the word “not” is added inside auxiliary verb, so it becomes “will not have been”.

Examples
.
         I will not have been waiting for him for one hour.
         She will not have been playing football since 2015.

Interrogative Sentence.
• Auxiliary verb + Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb (present participle) + object +    time reference

• Will + Subject + have been + (1st form of verb or base verb+ing) + object + time    reference
Interrogative sentence starts with auxiliary verb “will” and auxiliary verb “have been” is used after subject in sentence.

Examples
.
        Will I have been waiting for him for one hour?
        Will she have been playing football since 2015?

More examples.

Positive sentences
           I will have been living in America since 2003.
           He will have been playing cricket for two hours.
           They will have been watching television since 6 O’clock.
           She will been working in this office since 2007.
           It will have been raining for three days.
Negative sentences
          I will not have been living in America since 2003.
          He will not have been playing cricket for two hours.
          They will not have been watching television since 6 O’clock?
          She will have been working in this office since 2007.
          It will not have been raining for three days.
Positive sentences
         Will I have been living in America since 2003?
         Will he have been playing cricket for two hours.
         Will they have been watching television since 6 O’clock?
         Will she have been working in this office since 2007?
         Will it have been raining for three days?