Types of foundation

• Shallow foundations
• Deep foundations

Shallow foundations (sometimes called 'spread footings') include pads ('isolated footings'), strip footings and rafts.
Deep foundations include piles, pile walls, diaphragm walls and caissons.

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Shallow foundations

• Pad foundations
• Strip foundations
• Raft foundations

Shallow foundations are those founded near to the finished ground surface; generally where the founding depth (D_f) is less than the width of the footing and less than 3m. These are not strict rules, but merely guidelines: basically, if surface loading or other surface conditions will affect the bearing capacity of a foundation it is 'shallow'. Shallow foundations (sometimes called 'spread footings') include pads ('isolated footings'), strip footings and rafts.
Shallows foundations are used when surface soils are sufficiently strong and stiff to support the imposed loads; they are generally unsuitable in weak or highly compressible soils, such as poorly-compacted fill, peat, recent lacustrine and alluvial deposits, etc.

CONCRETE FRAME STRUCTURES

Concrete frame structures are a very common - or perhaps the most common- type of modern building.  As the name suggests, this type of building consists of a frame or skeleton of concrete.  Horizontal members of this frame are called beams, and vertical members are called columns.  Humans walk on flat planes of concrete called slabs.  Of these, the column is the most important, as it is the primary load-carrying element of the building (See figure 2 at the bottom of the page for an illustration of each of the major parts of a frame structure). If you damage a beam in a building, it will usually affect only one floor, but damage to a column could bring down the entire building.

Process tracing

Process tracing is a method used to evaluate and develop theories in psychology,political scienceor usability studies.

In process tracing studies multiple data points are collected in comparison to simple input-output methods, where only one measurement per task is available.

Contents

  

• 1 Thinking aloud
  • 1.1 Historical background
  • 1.2 Procedure
  • 1.3 The quality of verbal protocols in decision research
  • 1.4 Measurement criteria using thinking aloud protocols
  • 1.5 Advantages and disadvantages of verbal protocols 
• 2 Eye tracking
  • 2.1 Objects of regard
  • 2.2 Time Measures
• 3 Mouselab
  • 3.1 Designing
  • 3.2 Process Data

How to select a lintel

Selecting a Catnic Lintel

...What you need to know

• Step 1: Wall Construction
• Step 2: Structural opening
• Step 3: Load on Lintel
• Step 4: Select your Lintel

Step 1: Wall Construction

What is the wall construction?

• Cavity Wall
• Timber Frame
• External solid wall
• Internal partition or load bearing wall

Flat Roofing Systems

Conestoga Roofing specializes in industrial and commercial flat roofing systems. We believe it's important that our customers are educated on their roofing needs as the investment in commercial flat roofing systems are significant. Our expert estimators, project managers and roofing crews will gladly answer any questions you may have concerning your roofing project. We've included information from the National Roofing Contractors Association on the most common flat roofing systems for industrial & commercial buildings to help you make your decision. If you have more questions, please contact us.

Types of Flat Roofing Systems

• BUR
• Single Ply Membrane
• EPDM
• TPO & PVC
• Modified Bitumen
• Metal Sloped Roofing

PRINTING TECHNIQUES

There are many different print techniques out there to make your printed piece stand out. Although some of these processes can be expensive and/or difficult to do, they truly make a difference in your final product. We show you some techniques below:

Embossing/Debossing

Embossing and dembossing are similar processes that create a different result. Both processes involve making a metal plate and a counter. The plate is mounted on a press and the paper is stamped between the plate and counter. This force of pressure pushes the stock into the plate, creating the impression. Embossing produces a raised impression on your paper stock, while debossing creates a depressed impression.

Emboss

Deboss

Draw Line & Thickness

Trying to make a crude bike out of circles, squares, and lines.

*edit After enough times of playing around I'm on the brink of my goal. My only problem is that after I plug everything in and set the line thickness to x-number, it's giving me an error that it can't assign the number because of a 'method group'

Form1 Code

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Data;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace Bicycle
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
    public Form1()
    {
        InitializeComponent();
    }

    private void Form1_Paint(object sender, PaintEventArgs e)
    {
        Graphics g = e.Graphics;





        LineOne l1 = new LineOne(new PointF(50, 40));
        l1.setFilledState(false);
        l1.setLineColor(Color.Black);
        l1.setLineThickness = (6);
        //cannot assign to 'setLineThickness' because it is a method group'
        l1.Draw(g);


        sRectangle r2 = new sRectangle(new PointF(151, 160));

Importance of Framing Selection

The selection of structural steel for a building’s framing system brings numerous benefits to a project. All other materials are measured against the standard of structural steel and structural steel is still the material of choice. These benefits include:

 Speed of Construction

Other materials may be able to start field work sooner, but the rapid design, fabrication and erection cycle with structural steel will allow the framing system to finish sooner and be available earlier to other trades.

Structural steel enhances construction productivity because of its shop fabrication while maintaining tight construction tolerances. Field placed material will always lag behind the productivity curve. Productivity enhancements for construction will occur not in labor based field activities, but in shop based technology enhancements.   Technology exists today in the form of 3-D interoperability and Building Information Modeling to allow the close cooperation between designers and steel specialty contractors in the design, fabrication and erection of building structures. This technology allows designs to save both time and dollars in the construction process by integrating fabricating and erection efficiencies in the design and passing design models between analysis, detailing and fabricating operations. This is full integration is process unique to structural steel generating significant cost savings. Rapid erection in all seasons with close tolerances being maintained for integration with other building systems and minimal construction site waste is achievable only with structural steel. Other materials may be able to start field work sooner, but the rapid design, fabrication and erection cycle with structural steel will allow the framing system to finish sooner and be available earlier to other trades.

Parts of a Roof

Typical Parts of a Roof

Below you will find the major roof components illustrated and briefly defined.

Parts of a Roof

Roof Top Components

• Dormer - the structure (walls and roof) around a window that projects from a sloped roof.
• Roof Truss the skeleton of the roof. A framework of beams that support the roof.
• Rafters The beams that run from the top of the roof to the bottom. Part of the roof truss.
• Decking or Sheathing Panels that cover the rafters and to which the roofing material (shingles, metal panels, etc..) are attached.
• Underlayment often called tar paper this heavy felt paper (synthetic materials are available as well) is placed on top of the decking before the roofing material is installed to offer an additional layer of protection from moisture.

Types of Windows

Types of Windows

On the basis of materials used, types of openings of shutters, types of shutters, and the position of windows Different windows used may be classified.

Commonly Steel, Timber and aluminium are used to make window frames. Timber may get termite attacks, steel can rust but aluminium does not have any such defects. Still they are costly.

Shutters of windows can be glazed, panelled or louvered. Generally for bathrooms and toilets Louvered windows are used where vision is not to be allowed but ventilation is required. Commonly Lower parts panelled and upper parts glazed windows are used. One may think of using translucent glasses instead of panelled. Given figure show a louvered windows.

Louvered window

Window shutters may be fixed, centrally pivoted, sliding type or double hung. Given figure shows a typical double hung window.

                         .  Double hung window

Depending upon the position of windows, they may be classified as follow:

(1) Bay windows
(2)  Casement windows
(3) Clear storey windows
(4) Corner windows
(5 )Dormer windows
(6) Sky light windows
(7) Gable windows
(8) Ventilators

Staircase parts

staircases may be all sorts sizes and arrangements (with or without landings etc) to suit different properties but the main parts which go up to make any stair case are fairly common. A typical staircase is illustrated below with the main parts.

Inner string (closed). Outer string (open). Tread. Riser. Newel post. Balusters.

Banister (or handrail). Return nosing. Fascia. Landing. Curtail.

The main features of staircases have not changed over the years, although the style has changed - the newel posts and balusters were often more ornate on older staircases, later balusters were sometimes covered by a solid in-fill (older staircases which were updated often had the balusters covered with hardboard, removing this may reveal the original balusters).
The various parts for a staircase were traditionally made in a carpenter's workshop and then the staircase was built into the property as it was being built. Modern practice is for staircase parts (or complete simple staircases) to be mass produced so that the assembly on site is minimised.

Definitions of Parts of Arches

DEFINITIONS OF PARTS OF ARCHES.

Abutment: The outer wall that supports the arch, and which connects it to the adjacent banks.

Arch Sheeting : The voussoirs which do not show at the end of the arch.

Camber is a slight rise of an arch, as to } inch per foot of span.

Crown : The highest point of the arch.

Extrados : The upper and outer surface of the arch. Haunches : The sides of the arch from the springing line half way up to the crown.

Heading Joint : A joint in a plane at right angles to the axis of the arch. It is not continuous.

Intrados or Soffit : The under or lower surface of the arch. Invert : An inverted arch, one with its intrados below the axis or springing line; e.g., the lower half of a circular sewer.

Functions And History Of Doors

Doors date back from the ancient Egyptian era. There are paintings which serve as historical records of door architecture. The climate in Egypt was hot and dry enough, that there wasn't any fear of warping. The wood used for doors were just that, slabs of wood on hinges.

• •Exterior Fiberglass Doors

• Modern Exterior Doors
• •French Door Prices
• •Exterior Steel Doors
• •Double Front Doors
• •Pet Door Reviews
• •Contemporary Exterior door

In most places, due to change of temperature and humidity, doors usually have to be framed.
The Greeks and Romans used many styles of doors; single, double, sliding, or folding. These doors, as well as many others found throughout Europe's past, were made of bronze. This seemed to be the going material for doors, according to historical records.

Doors of today can be made of just about any material found on Earth; wood, metal, plastic, glass, paper, and even fabric. They usually serve the purpose of keeping something in or out. There are interior and exterior doors; animal and people doors, automatic and manual doors, plus real and false doors.

Interior and Exterior -Household doors are usually divided up into interior and exterior groups. An interior door is one found on the inside of a house, while an exterior is exposed to the outer elements on at least one side. Interior doors are found in the bathroom, bedroom, basement (as long as it isn't an outside entrance), and closet. Exterior doors are generally the front and back doors, there might be a door for entering the garage from the outside as well.