Thermometer

Definition: A thermometer is a device that measures temperature.  When we touch something we either feel hot or cold or we may not feel anything at all. This relative feeling is a qualitative measurement which can tell whether the body is warm or cold. But this type of observation can not tell how much hot or how much cold it is. Hence, in order to get a quantitative value of temperature we must be able to measure it and get a number corresponding to the degree of hotness or coldness. A thermometer helps us measure this quantity called temperature.

Temperature is that property of a system which can tell whether the system is in thermal equilibrium with another system or not. It is also the degree of hotness or coldness of a body.Thermometric Property: Change in temperature of any material is associated with change in its other properties such as Pressure, Volume, Density, Electrical resistance, color, etc.

Strength of Materials - Strains

3. Strains Strain is defined a the ratio of change in dimension to original dimension of a body when it is deformed. It is a dimensionless quantity as it is a ratio between two quantities of same dimension.

3.1. Linear Strain Linear strain of a deformed body is defined as the ratio of the change in length of the body due to the deformation to its original length in the direction of the force. If l is the original length and dl the change in length occurred due to the deformation, the linear strain e induced is given by e=dl/l. Linear strain may be a tensile strain, et or a compressive strain ec according as dl refers to an increase in length or a decrease in length of the body. If we consider one of these as +ve then the other should be considered as –ve, as these are opposite in nature.

Defining High, Mid and Low-Level Languages

I’ve been writing quite a bit recently about the differences between languages.  Mostly I’ve just been whining about how annoying it is that everyone keeps searching for the “one language to rule them all”, the Aryan Language if you will.  Over the course of some of these articles, I’ve made some rather loosely defined references to terms like “general purpose” and “mid-level” when trying to describe these languages. 

Several people have (rightly) called me out on these terms, arguing that I haven’t really defined what they mean, so I shouldn’t be using them to try to argue a certain point.  In the case of “general purpose language”, I have to admit that I tend to horribly misuse the term and any instances within my writing should be discarded without thought.  However, I think with a little bit of reflection, we can come to some reasonable definitions for high-, mid- and low-level languages. 

Nervous tissues

General

All living cells have the ability to react to stimuli. Nervous tissue is specialised to react to stimuli and to conduct impulses to various organs in the body which bring about a response to the stimulus. Nerve tissue (as in the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves that branch throughout the body) are all made up of specialised nerve cells called neurons. Neurons are easily stimulated and transmit impulses very rapidly. A nerve is made up of many nerve cell fibres (neurons) bound together by connective tissue. A sheath of dense connective tissue, the epineurium surrounds the nerve. This sheath penetrates the nerve to form the perineurium which surrounds bundles of nerve fibres. blood vessels of various sizes can be seen in the epineurium. Theendoneurium, which consists of a thin layer of loose connective tissue, surrounds the individual nerve fibres.

Angle of repose

The angle of repose or the critical angle of repose,of a granular material is the steepest angle of descent or dip relative to the horizontal plane to which a material can be piled without slumping. At this angle, the material on the slope face is on the verge of sliding. The angle of repose can range from 0° to 90°. Smooth, rounded sand grains cannot be piled as steeply as can rough, interlocking sands. If a small amount of water is able to bridge the gaps between particles, electrostatic attraction of the water to mineral surfaces will increase soil strength.

Arithmetic Operations and Functions

Operations

In FORTRAN, addition and subtraction are denoted by the usual plus (+) and minus (-) signs. Multiplication is denoted by an asterisk (*). This symbol must be used to denote every multiplication; thus to multiply N by 2, we must use 2 * N or N * 2not 2N. Division is denoted by a slash (/), and exponentiation is denoted by a pair of asterisks (**).

Operator	Operation
+	addition, unary plus
-	subtraction, unary minus
*	multiplication
/	division
**	exponentiation

Organic Compounds

The chemical compounds of living things are known as organic compounds because of their association with organisms. Organic compounds, which are the compounds associated with life processes, are the subject matter of organic chemistry. Among the numerous types of organic compounds, four major categories are found in all living things: carbohydrates, lipids, protein, and nucleic acids.

Carbohydrates

Almost all organisms use carbohydrates as sources of energy. In addition, some carbohydrates serve as structural materials. Carbohydrates are molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; the ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms is 2:1.